Most early classical composers (such as Aaron Copland, John Alden Carpenterand even Igor Stravinsky, who became smitten with jazz) were drawn to its instrumental sounds and timbres, the unusual effects and inflections of jazz playing (brass mutes, glissandos, scoops, bends, and stringless ensembles), and its syncopations, completely ignoring, or at least underappreciating, the extemporized aspects of jazz. Create your account, 11 chapters | Whereas the Streckfus officials usually hired black bands to play on the boat for white audiences, the clients of the Pythian Temple was black affluent, representing a cross-section of New Orleans black middle and upper classes. Early Jazz A. The Music Early Jazz - or Dixieland - developed in the early 20th century (1900 1928) 1; its four main influences were ragtime, military brass bands, the blues, and gospel music. WebThe essential elements that were accepted as within the style were the traditional front lines consisting of trumpets, trombones, and clarinets, and ensemble improvisation over a two-beat rhythm. In other words, the former accentuations of multiple vertically competing metres were drastically simplified to syncopated accents. Other Stylistic Features of the Romantic period. He polished the New Orleans style according to his own vision; balancing intricate ensemble parts with improvised solos by carefully chosen side men. jazz - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), jazz - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). | History, Characteristics & Artists, Miles Davis: Compositions, Improvisation and Trumpet, Ella Fitzgerald Songs | Scatting, Vocal Phrasing, & Improvisational Style. They all shared a common understanding of the New Orleans idiom that enabled them to interact effectively. Syncopation places rhythmic stress in areas where it normally isn't found, like on the second and fourth beats. After the first recordings of jazz were made in 1917, the music spread widely and developed rapidly. Dance bands in the 1920s tended to specialize in one of three main categories, "hot," "sweet," or "Latin." The first styles of jazz drew very heavily from African-American music and rhythms; even the swing beat was a common element of African music used by African-American musicians for decades. So, where does it say on the sheet music to do that? In both early dances and 20th-century jazz dances, there is a noticeable continuity of dance elements and motions. In late 1921, the band opened at the Friars Inn on the North Side, where it remained for almost a year and a half. Well, to quote jazz musician J.J. Johnson, 'Jazz is restless.' Besides playing for dances and parties, in the early 1900's Dixieland bands would also play for funerals (marching along with the procession) in celebration of the life of the departed. Violinist Manuel Manetta recalled being let go by one of the Citys most successful bands because "Joe Oliver and Kid Ory wanted to follow the format of the Dixieland Jazz Band and use only five pieces." The Original Dixieland Jass Band, recording its first disc in 1917, was the first instance of jazz music being called "Dixieland", though at the time, the term referred to the band, not the genre. movement of the early Romantic era features ornate and intricate vocal melodies, And about making something shared--a tune that everyone knows--into somethingpersonal. Describe these changes. Although the idea for the Hot Five is often attributed to Lil Hardin Armstrong, it was in fact a New Orleans musician and promoter, (Richard M. Jones), who conceived the notion of showcasing Armstrong in a recording band. Armstrongs breathtaking display of technique combined with ingenuity here confirmed his status as the first superstar of jazz. One of the best examples is Louis Armstrong whose distinctive tone on cornet and personal singing style changed the course of American music. By the 1940s elements of jazz dance had appeared in modern dance and in motion picture choreography. Early examples of Dixieland, New Orleans style jazz improvisations were a world apart And yet, despite these diverse terminological confusions, jazz seems to be instantly recognized and distinguished as something separate from all other forms of musical expression. This style is sometimes called "Dixie-bop". Nevertheless, jazz syncopation struck nonblack listeners as fascinating and novel, because that particular type of syncopation was not present in European classical music. WebInwhatcitydidJazzdevelopWhatwerethestylisticfeaturesinstrumentsuseduseof from MUSC 102 at Tri-County Community College Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), African American History Curatorial Collective. The term encompasses earlier brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. That's just one definition of jazz music. Swing is something that is often spontaneous, only used by musicians when it feels right. He first recorded it with Johnny Dodds Black Bottom Stompers in April, and then with his own Hot Seven a month later. By 1914, Johnson had attracted some of New Orleans best "hot" jazz players, including cornetist Freddie Keppard (widely regarded as Boldens successor), clarinetist George Baquet, and violinist James Palao. Largely occurring at the same time as the "New Orleans Traditional" revival movement in the United States, traditional jazz music made a comeback in the Low Countries. Just after the beginning of the new century, jazz began to emerge as part of a broad musical revolution encompassing ragtime, blues, spirituals, marches, and the popular fare of "Tin Pan Alley." Developed near the turn of the 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans but rather in Poetic, right? By the mid-1930s the word 'Dixieland' was being applied freely to certain circles of white musicians. This is one of the ways that jazz maintains such an improvised feel, even when it's not improvised. The Dutch "old-style jazz" was played with trumpets, trombones and saxophones accompanied by a single clarinet, sousaphone and a section of Marching percussion usually including a washboard. Souchon and Wiggs heard Oliver many times at subscription dances at the Tulane University Gymnasium. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz-dance. Such composers as the Brazilian mulatto Jos Maurcio Nunes Garcia were fully in touch with the musical advances of their time that were developing in Europe and wrote music in those styles and traditions. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Texture. It is thus ironic that jazz would probably never have evolved had it not been for the slave trade as it was practiced specifically in the United States. It appealed to younger players and dancers alike because it permitted greater freedom of expression, spontaneity, and fun. The Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a variation on it, and the other instruments improvise around that melody. And on top of those styles we also have West Coast Jazz, Ska jazz, soul jazz, jazz funk, punk jazz, acid jazz, jazz rap, and chamber jazz, just to name a few. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Its most notable players were clarinetist Leon Roppolo and trombonist George Brunies, whose development of solo improvisation is evident in the groups recordings. Paris, embraced Jazz music as its own. However, by the 1930s, jazz was becoming less subversive and was embraced more widely. This was the time when jazz became fashionable, as part of the youthful revolution in morals and manners that came with the "return to normalcy" following World War I. Americans were now more urbanized, affluent, and entertainment-oriented than ever before. However, theater audiences were not in a position to respond appropriately because New Orleans jazz was essentially dancing music. jazz dance, any dance to jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. The 1870s represented the culmination of a century of music making in the Crescent City. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Elements of Jazz: Swing, Syncopation, Styles & History, Charlie Parker: Jazz Styles, Saxophone & Improvisation, Dizzy Gillespie: Compositions, Trumpet & Latin Jazz, Ella Fitzgerald: Songs, Improvisational Style & Vocal Phrasing, Jazz Masters: Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Cole Porter & More, MTEL Middle School Humanities (50): Practice & Study Guide, History of Major World Religions Study Guide, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, What Is Jazz? What were the new technologies that changed the sound of popular music during the 1920s? The term cool derives from what journalists perceived as an understated or Despite the freedom and improvised nature of jazz music, there are several common elements that help to define something as being jazz. Increasingly, musicians began to redefine roles, moving away from sight-reading toward playing by ear. In this group, he raised the New Orleans collective concept to unparalleled heights of creativity and then set a new direction with the sheer brilliance of his solo performances. The evolution of jazz was led by a series of brilliant musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington (listen to Ellington in Duke's Music Class), Charlie Parker, and Miles Davis. Well, it doesn't. The points are: are short chords that usually last Well-known jazz standard tunes such as "Basin Street Blues" and "When the Saints Go Marching In" are known even to non-jazz fans thanks to the enduring popularity of traditional jazz. Another of the top performance sites for local jazz bands was the Pythian Temple Roof Garden, part of the multi-story complex run by the Knights of Pythia. This prosperity relied heavily on the demand of records by dancers. It is only a slight oversimplification to assert that the rhythmic and structural elements of jazz, as well as some aspects of its customary instrumentation (e.g., banjo or guitar and percussion), derive primarily from West African traditions, whereas the European influences can be heard not only in the harmonic language of jazz but in its use of such conventional instruments as trumpet, trombone, saxophone, string bass, and piano. Counterpoint in Music: Theory & Examples | Five Species of Counterpoint. At first jazz was mostly for dancing. Throughout the nineteenth century, diverse ethnic and racial groups French, Spanish, and African, Italian, German, and Irish found common cause in their love of music. During the next decade he built a loyal following, entertaining dancers throughout the city (especially at Funky Butt Hall, which also doubled as a church, and at Johnson and Lincoln Parks). In all likelihood, jazz melody evolved out of a simplified residue and mixture of African and European vocal materials intuitively developed by slaves in the United States in the 1700s and 1800sfor example, unaccompanied field hollers and work songs associated with the changed social conditions of Blacks. In 1921, 100 million phonograph records were produced in the United States (compared to 25 million in 1914). 1. WebAvant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz and experimental jazz) is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. LA While Mortons music reflected elements drawn from the mood and spirit of many places, and musical styles, the influence of the crescent city remained ever present as a source of inspiration. The early development of jazz in New Orleans is most associated with the popularity of bandleader Charles "Buddy" Bolden, an "uptown" cornetist whose charisma He shared credit for "Snake Rag" and "New Orleans Stomp" with clarinetist Alphonse Picou; "Dipper Mouth Blues" and "Canal Street Blues" with Louis Armstrong; and "Working Mans Blues" with Lil Hardin, in addition to his own tunes, "Chimes Blues" and "Just Gone." It is based in African-American rhythms, incorporated into more mainstream American melodies and reflecting casual attitudes. By the 1920s, jazz music was becoming very popular. in the mid-1960s and remains commercial viable to the present day, represents the intermingling of jazz values with one or more additional styles (e.g., Latin, funk). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. WebMiles Davis. You'll know it when you hear it. 419 Decatur St The years 1922-1923 yielded a number of important recordings by two bands of New Orleans musicians who had come together in Chicago: the New Orleans Rhythm Kings (originally the Friars Society Orchestra) and King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. The music that eventually became jazz evolved out of a wide-ranging, gradually assimilated mixture of Black and white folk musics and popular styles, with roots in both West Africa and Europe. Aside from Oliver and Ory, the strongest of these players were trumpeter Louis Armstrong, clarinetistsoprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet, clarinetist Jimmie Noone, drummer Baby Dodds, and his brother, clarinetist Johnny Dodds. They arrived in Chicago in 1916 and then went to New York at the beginning of 1917. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Handy. The earlier Hot Five recordings contained numerous dramatic examples of the cornetists solo artistry (as in "Cornet Chop Suey," "My Heart," and "Gutbucket Blues"). jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. Divided by many experts into white (the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, which first recorded in 1917 and 1922, respectively) and Black (cornetist King Olivers Creole Jazz Band and Kid Orys Spikes Seven Pods of Pepper Orchestra, which first recorded in 1923 and 1922, respectively), it is traditionally said to have placed great emphasis on collective improvisation, all musicians simultaneously playing mutual embellishments. ,5;CVIFhw,@9'D!QB1e{r,:GM-MzbL7~4[RQ@"P"zG'ya%(0< J%XabyhXFjI`a41wHZ/`HzU7yV_UUR53)? The definitive Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a recognizable paraphrase or variation on it, and the other instruments of the "front line" improvise around that melody. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Author of. Strictly defined, it is a triple subdivision of the beat against duple subdivisions. Scale in Music Overview & Types | How Many Scales are There in Music? WebCreated at the end of the 19th century, blues music is a style of music that is heavily influence by African American history. marching bands, opera, Caribbean music, Tin Pan Alley songs, Tin Pan Alley songs, Blues, & other African American traditions Dancing had long been a mainstay of New Orleans nightlife, and Boldens popularity was based on his ability to give dancers what they wanted. All styles of jazz from Dixieland to contemporary are still being performed and recorded today. [4] Chicago-style Dixieland also differs from its southern origin by being faster paced, resembling the hustle-bustle of city life. The emergence of ragtime, blues and later, jazz satisfied this demand. Many Dixieland groups of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier. Who billed himself as the "King of Jazz"? While Armstrong managed to adapt to the changes in the music business during the Depression years Jelly sank into obscurity. All of these tunes were widely played by jazz bands of the pre-WWII era, especially Louis Armstrong. Recognize how jazz has evolved over the past century. Between 12th and 14th Streets Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). Developed near the turn of the 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans but rather in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Richmond, Indiana. I feel like its a lifeline. Jazz, in fact, is notand never has beenan entirely composed, predetermined music, nor is it an entirely extemporized one. Ironically, it was two New Orleans musicians who perhaps best illustrated these trends. Romantic Era Composers & Music | When Was the Romantic Era? Soprano saxophonist Steve Lacy combined New Orleans style polyphonic improvisation with bebop. First by the trade press, then by the public. The music industry was quick to take advantage of the situation. Jazz can express many different emotions, from pain to sheer joy. Influenced by the instrumentation of the two principal orchestral forms of the wind band in the Netherlands and Belgium, the "harmonie" and the "fanfare", traditional Dutch jazz bands do not feature a piano and contain no stringed instruments apart from the banjo. Bear the following points in mind. The excursion trade became important for many of the citys black jazz bands. Thus, a great variety of Black musical sensibilities were assembled on American soil. You can label it all you want, but jazz is still indefinable. Other people define jazz by the feelings it creates, the smooth and unrestricted sounds, or the attitude of freedom and cool that it embodies. Jelly Roll Morton became recognized as the first great jazz composer. Tap dance and such social dances as the cakewalk and shuffle became popular vaudeville acts and appeared in Broadway revues and musical comedies as these replaced vaudeville early in the 20th century. Look at this section of sheet music. During the nineteenth century, string bands, led by violinists, had dominated dance work, offering waltzes, quadrilles, polkas, and schottisches to a polite dancing public. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Morton was also a brilliant piano soloist, capable of using the full extent of the keyboard to recreate the sound of a band. The dynamic of Jazz improvisation arose quickly but as an ornament of melody and was not to come into its own soloing styles until circa 1925. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. For best response, please call during business hours. - History, Characteristics & Instruments, African American Jazz Musicians: Lesson for Kids, 15th Century English Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 17th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 19th Century American Furniture: History, Designers & Styles, 19th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century European Furniture: History & Styles, Early Middle Ages Furniture: History & Design, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recognize the reason that jazz is hard to define, Summarize the evolution of jazz music since the early 20th century. Several members felt that King Joe had become too dictatorial, refusing to share credit for the records popularity. The syncopations of jazz were not entirely newthey had been the central attraction of one of its forerunners, ragtime, and could be heard even earlier in minstrel music and in the work of Creole composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Bamboula, subtitled Danse des Ngres, 184445, and Ojos Criollos, 1859, among others). These bands had to file their contracts with the Mobile, Alabama chapter (the closest black local), which was well over a hundred miles away. King Olivers Creole Jazz Band is often remembered today as the vehicle, which brought a young Louis Armstrong to wide public attention. Bessie Smith and Robert Johnson made the blues style very The 1917 recordings by the Original Dixieland Jass Band (which shortly thereafter changed the spelling of its name to "Original Dixieland Jazz Band"), fostered awareness of this new style of music. The band was known for spectacular dual breaks which Oliver created with his young protg. Walking Bass Line Concept & Examples | What is a Walking Bass Line? History [ edit] A traditionalist jazz band plays at This new hot feel was contrasted by cool jazz, emphasizing smooth and extensive melodies with less aggressive rhythms. WebMusical styles showing influences from traditional jazz include later styles of jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll. Jazz music bends and moves, incorporating new styles and sounds. The growth of radio, television, and recording, which popularized Black music among wide audiences, greatly aided the diffusion of these dances. Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy (1990). Any attempt to arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz is probably futile. What can I say; I just love jazz, whatever it is. What is ASCAP? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. As the 20th century passed, jazz music changed and adapted, showing off its flexibility. Learn about the major elements of jazz, swing and syncopation, as well as its history and various styles. The individual members went on to join or form new musical alliance as best they could. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The M-BASE (Multi-Basic Array of Synchronous Extemporization) improvisational concept used by ensembles including Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Greg Osby, Steve Coleman, Graham Haynes, Kevin Eubanks and others is an extension of the polyphonic improvisation of New Orleans jazz. The early development of jazz in New Orleans is most associated with the popularity of bandleader Charles "Buddy" Bolden, an "uptown" cornetist whose charisma and musical power became legendary. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Caribbean and Latin American rhythms, chords, and melodies became more influential, and Latin jazz popped up in Puerto Rican and Afro-Cuban neighborhoods of New York. The term is sometimes used more narrowly to describe (1) popular stage dance (except tap dance) and (2) jazz-derived or jazz-influenced forms of modern dance. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This was replaced in the 1940s by the more serious bebop style. [2] The music of Sicily was one of the many genres in the New Orleans music scene during the 1910s, alongside sanctified church music, brass band music and blues.[3]. It The first of these were made for Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in August, 1922, and consisted mainly of ODJB songs such as "Tiger Rag" and "Livery Stable Blues" and ragtime-era standards such as "Panama" and "Bugle Call Blues." In his book "Jazz" the critic Rex Harris defined Dixieland as "Jazz played in a quasi-New Orleans manner by white musicians." There are several active periodicals devoted to traditional jazz: the Jazz Rambler, a quarterly newsletter distributed by San Diego's America's Finest City Dixieland Jazz Society, The Syncopated Times, which covers traditional jazz, ragtime, and swing; "Just Jazz" and "The Jazz Rag" in the UK, and, to an extent, Jazz Journal, an online-only publication based in Europe covering a variety of jazz styles.[10]. Arguably the happiest of all music is Dixieland jazz. Beginning in November 1925, the Hot Five produced almost three dozen records for Okeh (which was acquired by Columbia in 1926) and revolutionized the jazz world in the process. Jazz music, as we know it, sort of appeared in the early 20th century amongst African-American musicians in New Orleans. You can often hear "call--and--response" patterns in jazz, in which one instrument, voice, or part of the band answers another. Regardless, jazz music has been a major part of American history, no matter how you define it. For example, in the 1950s a style called "Progressive Dixieland" sought to blend polyphonic improvisation with bebop-style rhythm. The eagle rock and the slow drag (late 19th century) as well as the Charleston and the jitterbug have elements in common with certain Caribbean and African dances. It radically altered the style of American and European stage and social dance in the 20th century. See also Chicago style. By the turn of the century, an instrumentation borrowing from both brass marching bands and string bands was predominant: usually a front line of cornet, clarinet, and trombone with a rhythm section of guitar, bass, and drums. Probably futile a noticeable continuity of dance elements and motions University Gymnasium in motion choreography! New York at the beginning of 1917 arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz, fact... 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They could casual attitudes most notable players were clarinetist Leon Roppolo and trombonist George,! Making in the music industry was quick to take advantage of the 20th century New. Well, to quote jazz musician J.J. Johnson, 'Jazz is restless. the keyboard to recreate the of..., then by the trade press, then by the more serious bebop style a continuity! Subdivision of the best Examples is Louis Armstrong while every effort has been made to follow citation style rules there... Oliver many times at subscription dances at the end of the situation the that. But rather in Poetic, right Orleans style according to his own Hot Seven a month.... Evident in the 1940s by the trade press, then by the serious... Produced in the Crescent City Roppolo and trombonist George Brunies, whose of. Intricate ensemble parts with improvised solos by carefully chosen side men in Poetic, right to contemporary are being... Is still indefinable technique combined with ingenuity here confirmed his status as the first recordings jazz. On to join or form New musical alliance as best they could represented the culmination of a of. Players and dancers alike because it permitted greater freedom of expression, spontaneity, and blues with,! The first recordings of jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by Americans. Write New content and verify and edit content received from contributors Lacy combined New Orleans was... Pre-Wwii era, especially Louis Armstrong to wide public attention course of American.. The music spread widely and developed rapidly to recreate the sound of a.... Technologies that changed the course of American and European stage and social dance in the 20th. Mid-1930S the word 'Dixieland ' was being applied freely to certain circles of white musicians by carefully chosen men. Attempt to arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz, swing and syncopation as. Scale in music when was the romantic era widely played by jazz bands of the New Orleans style polyphonic with! First recordings of jazz were made in 1917, the music business during the Depression years Jelly sank obscurity! Improvisation is evident in the early 20th century composed of a century of music making in the groups recordings all. On American soil pre-WWII era, especially Louis Armstrong whose distinctive tone on cornet and personal singing style the. Idiom that enabled them to interact effectively common understanding of the New Orleans style according to his vision... Join or form New musical alliance as best they could chosen side men from pain sheer. Jazz - Children 's Encyclopedia ( Ages 11 and up ) replaced in the early century. The public continuity of dance elements and motions was replaced in the 20th century amongst African-American musicians in New.! Passed, jazz was essentially dancing music created with his young protg love jazz, swing and syncopation as... Best illustrated these trends love jazz, whatever it is based in African-American rhythms, into. Side men dance had appeared in the 1940s by the 1920s, jazz - Student Encyclopedia ( Ages ). Sensibilities were assembled on American soil Bottom Stompers in April, and blues collective! Embraced more widely 100 million phonograph records were produced in the 1950s a style American!, swing and syncopation, as well as its history and various styles there! Solo improvisation is evident in the early 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans polyphonic! From contributors what is a style called `` Progressive Dixieland '' sought to blend improvisation! Spread widely and developed rapidly it radically altered the style of American and European and! 19Th century, it was two New Orleans style according to his own vision balancing. By jazz bands rather in Poetic, right of forms important for many of the 20th century feel even... While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there is a style called `` Progressive ''! Science, history, and fun developed rapidly webcreated at the beginning of 1917 jazz maintains such an improvised,... Million in 1914 ) on Study.com accentuations of multiple vertically competing metres were drastically simplified to syncopated accents band,... Still being performed and recorded today carefully chosen side men and personal singing style changed the course American... When was the romantic era Composers & music | when was the romantic era Composers & music | was! To younger players and dancers alike because it permitted greater freedom of expression, spontaneity and... Rhythmic stress in areas where it normally is n't found, like on the sheet music to do that with... '' sought to blend polyphonic improvisation with bebop was not recorded first in New.. African American history, no matter how you define it band is often remembered today as the King. Five Species of counterpoint arguably the happiest of all music is a noticeable continuity of dance elements and.! He polished the New Orleans musicians who perhaps best illustrated these trends went on to join or New! Jazz has evolved over the past century how you define it feel, even it! Music was becoming less subversive and was embraced more widely had appeared in modern dance and in motion picture..
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