I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. Self-Directing Religious Coping is a search for control directly through individual initiative rather than help from God. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. Even though Iranians may consider some of these cultural customs ordinary and mundane, they are sure to raise a foreign eyebrow or two. Social mobility is possible, but it can be quite difficult for Iranians to separate themselves from their familys reputation in the eyes of their peers. Figure 1, presented by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018), depicts the relation between religious, spiritual and secular existential coping observed in our project. All people may gain the prestige of a familys success or bear the responsibility for a familys dishonour. According to Majlesi (Citation1982) (a very important religious figure in Iran) (p. 209), the reward (savab) of pilgrimage of Imam Rezas tomb in Mashhad (Iran) is equal to one thousand hajes- pilgrim to Macca. Method In a qualitative content analysis approach, we searched for the factors promoting spirituality among a selection . Whilst there are a broad range of opinions and beliefs within the Iranian community, a sense of national belonging is strong and great pride is found in the national character. Islamic clergy can be regarded as vicar, master or guardian. It is a Muslim man, or woman, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. Centuries of gender discrimination and segregation of sexes has created distinct roles and codes of behavior for both the sexes and many are still practiced today. According to Khoshkjan (Citation2016, p. 4), one of the most important motivations for pilgrimage is enjoying its savab (a spiritual reward). Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. Three experts performed the peer examination. However, individuals may not necessarily believe in these actions and instead fake them for the sake of their safety and reputation. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. Because beliefs, customs, and practices related to health care may differ across societ-ies and cultural groups, responses to high-stress nursing The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. The vast majority (89%) of the population in Iran is Shia Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zorastrian, Bahai and Jewish. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. The study was based on qualitative research. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. Eyes, although tremendously important in sexual and affectional relations, are also regarded an important body part because they can attract evil. A Minor Leap Down, an Iranian film featured at international film festivals in Berlin and Toronto, illustrates the struggle of a 30-year-old Iranian woman named Nahal, whose deteriorating mental health is undermined by her family. Conceptualisations of cheshm eye (in Persian), Psychological effects of ziyarat on mental health and life of human, Uppsala University, Department of Sociology. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. I remembered we had learned during the religious lessons at school that the first chapter of the Quran that was sent to the Prophet was Recite. Then Recite became the core of my meditations and illustrations. After the loss of her unborn child, Nahal spirals into deep depression, deciding not to remove dead fetal tissue from her womb. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. View. God tells us if you act, I will support you. For many Iranians, there is a personal contradiction between what they want to do and what they are permitted to do. As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. In this article, we proceed from the perspective advocated by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018). I can talk to Him, even talk to the saints. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. keeping to the rules to avoid attracting the attention of government operatives). The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. When it is less vital to the orientation system, and less relevant to life experiences, it plays a less important role in coping (Ahmadi, Citation2006; Ellison, Citation1991; Ferraro & Koch, Citation1994; Kesselring, Dodd, Lindsey, & Strauss, Citation1986). Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. In this regard, a 53-year-old woman, told us: I never ask the clergy for help.. Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. Despite restrictions on their public involvement, many women in Iran are highly educated. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. Arranged marriage is generally not a cultural practice but can be found in some isolated rural areas. And this is the way he wants to remind me. Across its history, Iran has continuously pursued modernisation whilst looking to maintain its spiritual integrity. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). We found two patterns. We observed the use of a coping method by some informants that can be categorised as Benevolent Religious Reappraisal. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. Intercession is a safe way of obtaining a divine blessing. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. Largely, ones family is the biggest social indicator of status. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. In so doing, the following steps were undertaken. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. I strongly believe in it because it is carved into my bones. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Writing notes while interviewing contributed to the data quality. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. Results of data analysis show the importance of using protective expressions when complimenting in Persian and Arabic. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Therefore, if Iranians go out with their girlfriend or boyfriend in public, they run the risk of being berated, reported on or even detained. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). This is based on the traditional idea that people should protect their personal and family honour by giving a public impression of dignity and integrity. The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. They are expected to be clean, well-behaved, and good students. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. interviewed women who visited the health care centers in Ahvaz, Iran, in an effort to understand the determinants of early marriage . Iran, officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a population of more than 84 million.It is an arid and mountainous country between Iraq and Afganistan with shores on the Persian and Caspian Sea. The Middle East consists of . "Cultural family values" emerged as a facilitator for child marriage. One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. Several Iranian dishes originated from the Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Russians. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. The history of the Italian people, their . to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. Nevertheless, like all people living in a dynamic, modern society, Iranians live a wide range of lives, and this makes generalising risky, especially at a time like today, when the conservative-liberal divide that runs through Iranian society is as significant as ever. Outreach and education efforts by the health care community can help . It seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. As such, women are expected to cover up anything that could be considered an erotic provocateur to avoid unwanted public attention i.e. Today, the conservative interpretations of Islam have become a major social force and dictate much of what Iranians can and cannot do. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. Thus, turning to religion in coping is primarily a matter of the prominence of religion in the individuals culture of socialisation. In cultures where there are many non-religious resources and where religion plays a less important role in daily life, religion may be less important in the coping process. Health customs: In some cultures, family members play a large role in health care decisionmaking. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Seeking Support from Clergy or Congregation Members refers to a search for comfort and reassurance through the love and care of these individuals. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters. The interests of the family can supersede the needs of a single individual. The dynamics of relationships are significantly shaped by the reality of which activities Iranians feel safe doing in public. Western values had both negative and positive effects on the social, economic, political, and cultural lives of Nigerians. Religious purification refers to a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. Therefore, people could proceed from the idea that God does not intervene, but is supportive of the individual throughout the coping process. Many Asian people, by comparison, have a strong belief that uncertainty is inherent in life and each day is taken as it comes. As an example, the idea of Schildkrout can be taken who notes that the tradition to decorate the body in various ways has a global trend, and this practice has been adopted for many centuries (79 . Thus, we can argue that the reason individuals turn to religion in times of crisis is that religion is more accessible in their sociocultural context than are other resources. The study reveals, among others, the impact of cultural beliefs on certain religious coping methods, even among those who are not regarded as practicing Muslims. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). The transcriptions were then coded, categorised, and thematised using a thematic analysis method. We found that some interviewees, in trying to achieve comfort and cope with the stressor of cancer, used this method. Even Iranians that leave the house as husband and wife can draw negative attention. The notion of solidarity helps us to understand how people of different generations relate to, help and depend on one another in their daily lives. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. Registered in England & Wales No. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. Rather, the distinctive Persian identity engenders a strong sense of pride and belonging among its people. The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. Im not in charge, but only God. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. The person may also believe that he/she must cope alone because God has abandoned him/her, or finally. Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. Conflict related to cultural beliefs within healthcare commonly arises during times of significant life change. If something is going to happen, God knows and writes. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. Italy is a country located in the south of Europe. Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. In fact, there are just as many ways of being Iranian and religious, as there are Iranians. Iranian culture has influenced cultures and peoples in different parts of the world including Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. Someone who is a theologian is presumed to have the moral high ground and power in decision-making, gaining them a lot of respect. If this is true, then for people with limited alternatives, religion may play an even more important coping resource. While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. Talk to Him, even talk to Him, even talk to the.!: Why it Matters: [ Grant Number 7350 ] of orientation system, ways being! To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for conducting the research were.! Viewed as a familial flaw to their children, who then may or may not necessarily believe in it it. And their honour is protected members use to assure their survival and well-being as. 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