It is the kinship ties which determine a person's rights, responsibilities and behaviour. Before initiation, one is viewed as a child no matter the age. a diviner would be called when something was stolen. v. It brings people together; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties. In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. Diviners and mediums iii. They are made aware of their responsibilities in adulthood. There are three main types of kinship: lineal, collateral, and affinal. These carried with them all the heavy social obligations demanded of a mother or father, daughter or son. Bantu Migrations Stateless Societies Bantu Societies did not depend on elaborate hierarchy of officials of a bureaucracy Governed through Kinship groups - extended families consisting of about 100 people. - Alcoholism. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. - Men are not allowed to go next to the delivery places. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. Primary kinship refers to direct relations. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. 4. - They ensure the values and culture of the community is observed. Rites of passage: These are ceremonies that are performed to a group of people to mark important stages of life. Land ownership: The ancestral land is communally owned and nobody is allowed to sell it. 4. They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. The paternal grandfather recites many names of the clans dead ancestors. They play the role of counselors and advisors to the community. RITES OF PASSAGE These are important stages in life that one has to undergo. How the of rites passage inculcate moral values In the traditional African communities, people learn the moral values through every days activities and through education provided. 4. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. Land is owned by individuals. v. They are taught secrets of the society. - The introduction of money economy has reduced the value of land. Western culture and education has really affected marriage. Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. Elders iv. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. vi. That is to say a man goes to live in his wifes village, at any rate for the first years of his married life.22 This is also true of marriage among other Zambian tribes like the Bisa, Lala, Lamba, Chewa, Kaonde, and many others. They also have the ability to stop rain. [.] Therefore, the new families tend to generally live near or with the husbands parents. During the period earlier than 1940s, marriages remained completely matrilocal during the couples entire life. iii. However, the role of these traditional religious leaders has been greatly affected by influence of Christianity, western culture and formal education. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. - People could gather and beer would be taken thus is a symbol of friendship. p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. Depending on the region and the people, these. Kinship refers to relationship between people through blood, marriage or adoption. Those who are lazy are ridiculed. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. ii. 3. In some communities there is feasting and drinking of beer. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. Goldthorpe, J.E., The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Development. iii. They may receive messages from the spirits and ancestors. Importance of Initiation i. The celebration that marked the end of initiation is slowly dying out due to economic constraints. food, beer drinking. The mother may hug or caress the child and comfort it when hurt or in distress. However, the influence of mediums and diviners has been affected by Christianity, which is against consulting any power apart from God. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. 8. Women were not allowed to own property. They also play the role of priests and pray for people. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. In the U.S., it is highly unusual for adult children to continue living with their families, although this phenomenon has increased recently strictly as a function of the current economic recession and the comparative . The traditional Cheyenne kinship system is certainly an "indigenous society" where the roles and responsibilities of both parents created and sustained the family unit. This report defines kinship care arrangements that occur without child welfare system involvement as private and those that occur with child welfare involvement as public. The tie reduces cases of incest. 2. Ch. - They are given financial assistance. 3. A Bemba belongs to his mothers clan (umukoa), a group of relatives more or less distantly connected, who reckon descent from real or fictitious common ancestries, use a common totem name, and a series of praise titles, recite a common legend of origin and accept certain joint obligations.30. In fact cases where the father-in-law has to issue orders are perhaps such a minority that it is ironical that they are used to characterize the whole social interaction. - The government and churches have built homes for them - They are given food etc. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. - Courage. There is wailing in the house to show how the fellow was dear to them. Physical causes of death i. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956, 1966, 1971. Relevance of diviners and medicine men today 1) Diviners and Mediums are still important in Kenya today. Fourth, special observations related to pregnancy, childbirth, naming of the child, and testing the childs legitimacy as clan member.14, The existence of patriarchy and the patrilineal system among the Baganda might suggest that individual men have the most dominant social status. ii. They face challenges from medical practitioners who argue that they should go for formal training. 6. the pain the initiates underwent. Twins are also given special names e.g. Circumcision of the girls is a practice that has been widely condemned for health reasons. Explaining Caribbean Family Patterns. A curse by the community. Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, New York: Longman, 1982. - They suffer from psychological and emotional problems - Sometimes widows face lack of essentials such as food. Dressing The dress code differed from one community to another in the traditional African setup. The man or bridegroom builds himself a house at his wifes village and becomes a member of her extended family group.25 The wife cooks at her mothers house with other female relatives who are mainly unmarried and married sisters. - Life is also seen as communal. After initiation, one has the right to marry. Most of these ceremonies are religious. New York: The Free Press, 1963. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. The youth are ritually introduced to the communal living. Anthropologist Robin Fox says that the study of kinship is the study of what humans do with these basic facts of life - mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization, siblingship etc. 5. 1. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. People who have become educated consider the shaving of the hair unnecessary. Some communities such as the Maasai still maintain their traditional way of dressing. 2) Some students also consult them to succeed in exams and career. In many matrilineal societies, the maternal uncle in the go-between or undertakes all the arrangements and responsibilities for his nephews marriage.32 In case of divorce, the womens people were legal guardians of the children. 26 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. - The girls would take back the sheet with a lot of ululation and rejoicing and one girl would remain behind to study the character of the man. - The bathing symbolizes the beginning of a new state in life. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. 7. They are neglected by their children especially those working in the towns. 9. Everybody is a part of the other. These relationships which are described in this way are rituals of respect between a son-in-law and his mother-in-law, a daughter-in-law and her father-in-law. The kinship systems govern care,. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. 4. The church also gives them food, and clothing and their daily needs. In a more obvious way, this Eurocentrism36 did not treat polygamy, the African marriages and the extended family and any others of its eccentricities (regarded as such because they were different from European customs) as social phenomena that was legitimate and workable in its own African social circumstances and environment. Richards, Audrey I., Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. The midwives perform the following:- 1. The degree of relatedness of carer to the child, socio-economic status of fostering households, gender and age were identified as factors contributing to the well-being of children in kinship care. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. Measures that are taken to make sure virginity is preserved i).Virginity is highly valued and a girl is meant to preserve her virginity until marriage. However the mode of dressing has seriously changed due to western influence. Marriage: Has been individualized and is no longer a communal affair. The contention that questions the existence of African traditional society and culture has been clearly beyond reasonable doubt asserted to agreement however there are presences of constraints towards the flourishing of these societies as, Internal factors which include; Lack of unity among members of the society, differentiation of ideologies . Their relevance today Some people still consult prophets on seers some couples may consult in case of barrenness. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. - A child who remained an orphan was easily adopted into another family. Urbanization: Where people of different cultures interact with one another. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo This can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born. They would also announce the sex of the child. 6. - Attending discos and nightclubs. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. Social change in Africa as everywhere else is ubiquitous. - In some communities such a girl would be stabbed by an arrow and killed while in others she would be married to an old man. Defines kinship and explains its importance. Mbiri Ya Achewa, 195? fellow Christians. Evans-Pritchard, J.J., Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family Among the Nuer, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1945, 1969. - Kinship system provides the peaceful ways of settling disputes in a community as all are treated as brothers and sisters. Majority of women today give birth in hospitals. 3. iv. - Many people have moved and have settled in foreign lands, which are not their ancestral lands. Even traditionally, ordinary citizens could not achieve marrying more than one wife. - Presents are given to the baby and mother as a sign of good will. Those who did not have were assisted to acquire property by the community. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. - Marriage enables one to assume leadership rules an unmarried person would not be chosen a leader. They do not have good food or accommodation. Urbanization has undermined the role of of the elders as it becomes difficult for elders to operate as the people come from different backgrounds. The naming of a child is therefore an important occasion, which is often marked with ceremonies. (New York: The Free Press, 1963.) 6. Land Ownership: It is no longer communal affair but a private affair. - Children born out of marriage inherit their parents property. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. They are experts in particular religious fields. As the African society has not been static, changes in the traditional family patterns will be briefly alluded to. 6. Bantu migrations also helped to spread agriculture and herding to all parts of Africa. If there is agreement, this marks the beginning of courtship period. And this, together with neolocality, makes it nearly impossible to use kinship in structuring our social order. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. - Honesty. These primary ties, as we may call them,4 are biologically the same in all societies,5 though, functionally, they may differ from culture to culture.6 But kinship ties do not rest within the reproductive family. Through apprenticeship iv. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. In the traditional African Community, marriage was considered incomplete without children. The continuance of Aboriginal society is dependent on keeping Aboriginal families strong and healthy both physically and culturally. Education of children has been left to teachers. - A lot of bleeding can lead to the death of an individual. Virginity is not highly valued and many people break their virginity at stage of adolescence. The clan chooses the heir. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. theories regarding family structure" (D . People who are directly related to each other are known as primary kin. Boys herd goats, cows, and livestock. Download to read offline. So the relationship is often based on mutual expectations and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught with issuing of orders. It symbolized death and resurrection. - Property can be owned outside ones ancestral home. Problems experienced by widows and orphans - They suffer from lack of company because they feel abandoned. Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. 4. 2. Family advocates Malinowski is the cornerstone of every society and culture. Responsibility of elders: - They help in the settlement of disputes. (1) According to the Dictionary of Anthropology, "Kinship system includes socially recognized relationships based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.". What role did religion play in medieval Africa communities? vi. - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The Baganda people of Uganda provide the best illustration.7. 3. Some of the issues that were the products of the Eurocentrically biased judgements include the following two. 7. They act as counselors and guide the people on all issues of life. 4. 2. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. 7. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. Kinship is a social relationship based on real consanguinity. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. Some communities have abandoned initiation rites like among the luo; removal of six lower teeth is a practice of the past. MEDIUMS AND DIVINERS - Mediums are people through which ancestors and spirits communicate with the living. It is kinship, which controls social relationship between people in a given community: it governs marital customs and regulations, it determines the behavior of individuals towards another. 2. Edited by G.A. Department of Sociology Kinship ties definition: Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. Family plays a central role in African society. - They would stay overnight and the following day they would go to bathe in the river with cold water. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. © 2023 Tutorke Limited. 4. Changing attitudes towards initiation rites Since the introduction of Christianity and western culture peoples attitude towards initiation rites have changed. 4. 2. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976), 49 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. The government has also set up insurance and pension schemes to enable people who are employed continue to get a decent life after retirement e.g. Land was owned by the community. iv. Each community has a distinct political and social organization. vii. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. - Kinship helps to prevent the spread of hereditary diseases. People could also die due to shortage of food. Opiyo and Odongo among the Luo. No one is allowed to take the life of another. Economic hardships that has been due to introduction of money economy. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units. First, there is the local unit of matrilocal marriage .. consisting of a man, his wife, his married daughters and their husbands and children,34 Second, the matrilineal descent group which consists of maternal relatives and ancestors traced back to several generations. 7. Divorce and separation are discouraged. The following day, the naming ceremony takes place. These changes have been brought about by:- i. 6. Edited by Arthur Phillips, London: Oxford University Press, 1953. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961. They are senior members of the community. It is also a way of remembering important events in the society. Kinship relationships also determine social obligations and responsibilities, such as who has the right to inherit property or who is responsible for caring for children Prophets or priests also have political role e.g. among the Luos a person who comes out with the placenta would be called Obiero or Awino. They are regarded as honest. The community disciplined those who showed traits of greed over ownership of property. Christianity and Islam were able to absorb many African religions because of each religion believed in a single supreme being that was the creator and ruler of the universe. Girls at an early age are taught a wide range of household and agricultural duties including cooking, cultivation and tending children. People that belong to the same kinship system are referred to as kin. Some are circumcised when they are still infants. - Life also progress from one stage to another. 1. Birth and naming 2. In the late and early 19th century, a detailed study conducted among the Baganda found that, Polygyny, the type of marriage in which the husband has plural wives, is not only the preferred but the dominant form of marriage for the Baganda.8 Commoners had two or three, chiefs had dozens, and the Kings had hundreds of wives. Th importance whice h UNICEF attaches to the family is also based on the Conventio onn the Eliminatio onf There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. Some names are given according to the time one was born. Among the Chewa of Eastern Zambia, the custom of man living with his wifes parents temporarily or permanently was known as Ukamwini.23. Other names can be given according to important events that take place in the community e.g. Among the Baganda, the clan has remained the most important kinship entity. These are many. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. iii. Asante, Molefi Kete., Afrocentricity; The Theory of Social Change, Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980. Although human beings have made tremendous progress during the last 150 years or so, yet they have not been able to wield full control over the nature. A community has distinct beliefs, customs and cultural practices. It was used to bury the dead, the spirits were believed to dwell on land or below the ground. Initiation 3. Scholars of the African traditional family agree that the one widely known aspect that distinguishes the African traditional family, say from the European one, is the perversity of polygamy3. These Anglo-Saxon or Eurocentric descriptions do not help in the fair and accurate perception of the traditional African family. Seclusion nowadays is not very possible because of limited time. They heal various diseases using herbs. - The naming of the child takes place some days after birth. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? vii. 2. But rather as curiosities that were to succumb to the superior European monogamous marriage values legitimated by Christianity. 3. -Close and supportive extended-family relationships -Strong kinship ties with non blood relatives from church or organizational and social groups -Family unity, loyalty, and cooperation are important -Usually matriarchal African American Folk and Traditional Healthcare: e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. To protect the child from evil eyes. 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Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. People of the same age set consider themselves as brothers and sisters. 6. 6. iv. In many traditional African societies, kinship ties are similarly expansive and can include a large and diverse range of relationships. These variations are caused by differences in tribal customs or culture according geography, history, religion, external influence of colonialism, inter migration, political and economic structures and influences. b) Outline the role of priests in Traditional African communities. - Through marriage, the living dead and those yet to be born are brought together. Kinship System in African Communities. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. Girls brought wealth in form of cattle to marriage. 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Tembo this can begin as early as childhood or before the children are born agreement, marks... And emotional problems - Sometimes widows face lack of essentials such as during famine, those have... Will be briefly alluded to and is more beneficial for both parties than confrontational and fraught issuing. Sign of good will Africa communities orphans - they suffer from lack of company because they abandoned... That belong to the community p.19, 45 Naboth M. J. Ngulube, some Aspects of Up! Many names of the elders as it becomes difficult for elders to operate as Maasai... People yet she is not considered as having full identity what they with! Clans dead ancestors by widows and orphans - they would also announce the sex of the child and comfort when! Than one wife prophets on seers some couples may consult in case of barrenness,! Individualized and is no longer a communal affair but a private affair diviner. 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