22.28 According to Thomas, who was a lifelong friend of Sargant's, Olson told Sargant that he had visited secret joint American-British testing and research installations near Frankfurt. Then there were some films Frank Olson had shot himself during a trip to Europe a few months before he died. To the contrary, he appears to have been extremely skeptical of its practicality, dismissing many exhibitions of hypnosis as merely magic shows.[61]Moreover, the Agency had access to a wide range of individuals with true expertise in the area. In the United States, Senator Joseph McCarthys anti-Communist crusade was raging. Sargent said he knew that Frank Olson and Cameron knew each other and that Frank Olson also shared his (Sargants) view that some of the work Dr Gottlieb was funding Cameron to do through the Human Ecology Foundation (a CIAfront Organisation, was bordering on the criminal. ''He was trying to mumble something, but I couldn't make it out. In a way it seemed to stand apart and alone. Taking shape as it did in the early 1950s, when the Cold War was the central concern of U.S. foreign policy, the defensive research was expanded almost overnight to encompass offensive work as well-the testing and development of drugs such as LSD that the CIA could use for its interrogations of enemy personnel. Robert Kennedys assassin, Sirhan Sirhan, while working as a horse trainer at the Santa Anita race track near Los Angeles, was introduced to hypnosis and the occult by a fellow groom with shadowy connections. As he explained it to me, he was just a dumb cop.. Indeed, Gottlieb had observed some of this work firsthand and was well acquainted with the hypnotists involved. It was never really said, except that probably by the middle 60s it became obvious, Pannier said. Like nuclear warfare, biological warfare could wipe out civilisation as we know it. Elvis first visited a recording studio, and Bill Haleys Rock Around The Clock gave the world rock and roll, and subsequently the teenager. The only drug mentioned is LSD, which the CIA began to use on test subjects as long as 25 years ago. Why would the government murder an Army scientist who had been unwittingly drugged with LSD? The literature reporting on broken-glass type burglaries reveals that the broken glass causes lacerations most frequently when the body, generally an arm inserted through the broken glass to open a door or window to facilitate the burglars entry, withdraws from the broken window. He proceeded with direct inquiries to Vincent Ruwet, who had been his fathers supervisor at Fort Detrick. files still available, that his associate Dr. Margaret Ferguson was still alive in 1993. In the following years, he traveled often to Europe, including making several trips to Germany. Could the circle of psychiatrists and magicians in this story really be so small that the doctor who was to have admitted my father to the hospital have met the magician who had taught the CIA how to drug my father and whom my father was taken to see during that last fateful week in New York? A call from someone was definitely received by Dr. Gibson, and certainly a call from someone in the Agency to someone at Chestnut Lodge would have to have been made. When Starrs raised the lid, he was surprised to find Frank Olsons body remarkably well preserved. Gottlieb referred to the result in these cases as reversible chemical lobotomysuggesting that the effects wear off. His intention was to visit Havana at Fidel Castros personal invitation and return home to join the civil rights movement. Fischer, Mary A. They took every necessary step to prevent Frank Olsons death from being connected with the CIA in any way. There (is) the possibility that it might be necessary to disclose highly classified national security information in connection with any court suit or legislative hearings.. The absence of live bacteria may have a simple explanation. The 43-year old biochemist was, as his wife Alice would later recount, a totally different person severely depressed, anxious, highly agitated. During the ensuing uproar, the scientist was identified as Frank Olson. It may seem superfluous for us to have labored to identify the remains from the grave, marked by a toe tag as Frank Olson, as those of Frank Olson, but such are the intrinsic necessities of a scientific investigation. His explanations for his actions both before and after Olsons death were at least unsatisfactory and at most incredible. They gave the exclusive on their personal story to Seymour Hersh of The New York Times, and when he came through the door of the house in Frederick, his first words were: ''This must be the most uncurious family in the United States. What Meachum doesnt say is that The Manchurian Candidate has been a large part of the problem. There was a small laceration in the bottom of the right heel causing a fracture of the calcaneus (the heel bone). Spin Magazine,March 1994. When he looked around the subject was gone. And if you lack provable truth, you do not get justice. Gottliebs experiments occurred at a time in our countrys history when no act performed with a view toward thwarting communism was considered out-of-bounds. In 1955, White moved the safe house to San Francisco, and he took over as regional head of tha Bueau of Narcotics. In the name of the highest ideals, some would commit the lowest of crimes. That may be the explanation for the goats! We did not sit around talking about the moral implications of what we were doing, said William C. Patrick III, a Fort Detrick veteran who worked closely with the SO Division. Is this what happened at the Deep Creek Lodge? thought Eric. program as a way to lure people into their LSD experiments. But it was very disturbing to see that a CIA manual suggested the exact method of Frank Olsons death.. Everest, confident as God. This would be the best way to preserve security. And it was deadly, a determination he made by testing it on animals. Doctors say a person with inhalation anthrax who is given intravenous antibiotics might soon show no live bacteria, even though the person might still die of toxin produced earlier by the bacteria. Sargant believed that Frank Olson could also have been given a cocktail of drugs that included more than LSD. 20.44 (Exhumation and forensic investigation). Olson tried to tell Pastore something, but his words were too faint and garbled to be understood. That kind of an attitude of loyalty was one way of expressing your Americanism.. Not a single line related or referred to the Agency. But the next morning, Olson, still agitated, was back in Ruwets office determined to quit. Another was James Angleton, then chief of the agencys Staff A, the forerunner of the Counterintelligence Staff that he ran until his forced retirement in 1974.Among CIA officials with a scientific background present at the birth of BLUEBIRD were Dr. Marshall Chadwell, assistant director for scientific intelligence, Colonel James H. Drum, deputy chief of the Technical Services Staff, and Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, a biochemist who was to become th e central figure in all the subsequent CIA mind- and-behavior-modifi cation endeavors. Why would he do that? Eric wondered. And was this the secret Frank Olson knew, and might disclose? Ideally, only one person will be involved. Of course, if the blow is very heavy, any portion of the upper skull will do. Hiroshima did not convert Murray to world federalism. TURN BY THE WIN DOW (with Ronald Hutchinson) It is built on the premise that the psychic wall which schizophrenia builds to close off communication between opposite parts of the personality is composed of an immense number of lies, and the truth is encysted behind it. What remains striking in Simpsons account is the placement of the Olson suicide story in such close spatial proximity to the accounts of terminal experiments and assassinations in Europe. I says, Youre a good Jewish boy from Brooklyn, like me. Three years later, Eric would discover that a CIA assassination manual written in late 1953 the period of his fathers death prescribed exactly that technique. As far as that program was concerned, disclosure was already well underway. Should the verb disappeared be taken to mean jumped? EMMETT (With Gordon Parry) By March of 1953, he was certainly consulting for the Agency and being paid for these professional services.Inasmuch as he was billing the government on a biweekly basis, it seems apparent that this was ongoing work with at least some of it related to development of Project MKULTRA. He is kept in a hotel. It didnt happen, CIA spokesman Paul F. Novack said yesterday. In fact, I read the book. Eric was told directly by the New York DAs source that the case of Frank Olsons death has been taught in Israel as a case of perfect murder., An alternative story of the death of Frank Olson Natalie Boyles said Friday that her husband, Charles M. Boyles, Williams son, had never heard of such a thing. Supplyingbackground facts in order that a complete novice in the subject can appreciate the underlying reasons for the procedures suggested. Already in 1976 theNew York Timeshad observed that the Colby documents were elliptical, incoherent, and contradictory. TheTimeswrote that: Taken as a whole, the file is a jumble of deletions, conflicting statements, unintelligible passages and such unexplained terms as the Artichoke Committee and Project Bluebird that tend to confuse more than enlighten. Why Mulholland was going to Chicago for the Agency remains uncertain, although there is some evidence that he was going to take part in secretly assessing the claims of Andrija Puharich claims that related to electronic systems and telepathy. On November 19, Gottlieb met with six MKULTRA personnel, including Olson, at Deep Creek Lodge in rural Maryland. Eric Olson in New York. Still other Paperclip scientists were sent to Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, where they were put on the CIA payroll and began testing Nazi nerve and mustard gases on unwitting American GIs, seriously injuring several. . They now rest in a plot beside the remains of their sister, Lisa, her husband and child, and their mother, Alice. Sometimes, in these 8mm films, you catch a glimpse of Franks travelling companions, three men, wearing long dark coats and trilby hats, sitting in Parisian pavement cafs, watching the girls go by. The search for the circumstances surrounding the mysterious death of Dr. Frank Olson begins in 1945, with the liberation of the concentration camp at Dachau, Germany. Understanding U.S. vulnerability may have been the main purpose of such experiments. He was pushed out. 32.24 But nobody bothered to notify our family that this story was being released. Marks points out that the electrode experiments went far beyond giving monkeys orgasms, one of the researchers early achievements. All others received a Ph.D. from the Department of Psychology. It became a kind of slogan for our journey. Alice Olson roused her nine-year-old son, Eric, from bed and led him into the living room. Ive ruined my life, he says in one interview. It used to be the biggest casino in the world. White, born in 1906, started out as an itinerant journalist, working for newspapers in San Francisco and Los Angeles before becoming a narcotics aent in the early 1930s. Harvard University CGIS Knafel, First Floor 1737 Cambridge Street Cambridge, MA . But the new autopsy findings were certainly enough for a New York public prosecutor, Stephen Saracco, to win the right for a grand jury to begin hearing the evidence he had uncovered. Frank with his wife Alice and son Eric in 1945. It must have been decided that the story would be that Lashbrook saw nothing, that he was awakened by the sound of crashing glass, and that by the time he opened his eyes Olson was gone. While with Military Intelligence in Europe, Feldman first heard of George White. And so I drove to Connecticut, to Norman Cournoyers house. When returning American POWs reported this the first use of bacterial weapons by the United States in war authorities in Washington dismissed their claims as products of brainwashing. Eric gazed, smiling, at the screen. In 1956, White and narcotics agent Ira C. Feldman, who posed as an East Cost mobster, arrested seven San. Instead, he telephoned Gottlieb at his home and informed him that Olson was now dead. Our perception of the world has withered away, what has remained is mere recognition., The poetic image makes strange the habitual and its linguistic devices, to use the favorite Formalist expression, are laid bare., (Victor Erlich, Although George White operated a CIA safe house in Greenwich Village, only minutes from the Hotel Statler, where Olson and Lashbrook had taken lodging, they apparently did not visit it. I also learned upon a visit to the window shades manufacturer in Alexandria, Virginia, that the shade, if drawn, would have impeded Dr. Olsons exit making it implausible that he could have exited with it drawn at the time. Tens of thousands of documents were released. Either they wanted to talk about narcotics, security or crime. Why was Olson in John Mulhollands office on November 25? The man whom the CIA documents credit with inspiring the program is Dr. L. Wilson Greene of the Army Chemical Corps, who had long urged the United States to embark upon psychochemical warfare. Control of muscle formation by the fusogenic micropeptide myomixer. Sure enough, the Deep Creek Bridge, a key landmark for finding the old cabin, was just a few miles beyond. He explained it thus: One of the difficulties of determining explicitly the effect of the drug itself is that the subject and the observer are both conscious of the fact that an experiment is being performed. New York: And among the beneficiaries of this covert funding would be Harold Abramson, an acquaintance of Gregory Batesons, who was an allergist at New Yorks Mount Sinai Hospital and a CIA consultant to Edgewood Arsenals Paperclip scientists. His report confirmed the absence of any traces of LSD in the submitted samples. Do to His Father? His preservation is best explained by Ambassador Porter who reported to the Secretary of State that the body fortunately was found well-preserved, the coffin having been filled with alcohol but which had evaporated. Of course, like Frank Olson, the linen winding sheet in which both he and John Paul Jones had been wrapped was added protection against post-mortem decay. Marks book ran 264 pages. In resistance situations, assassination may be used as a counter-reprisal. Each made treachery and duplicity his byword. I recommend that you join a support group for children whose parents have committed suicide.. The goal, according to a declassified White House memo, was to avert a lawsuit in which it may become apparent that we are concealing evidence for national security reasons.. He is affiliated with medical facilities Saint Mary's Hospital and Waterbury Hospital. He begged them to ''just let me disappear.''. Pushing the panic button, in April 1953 the CIA replaced Project Artichoke with a more ambitious effort called MKULTRA, under the direction of Sidney Gottlieb, a brilliant chemist with a degree from CalTech. Isnt this what Communism is all about anyway! And I dont know. This call was received the day before a second call on the day of Olsons death informing Gibson that Dr. Olson would not be coming. It was a joy to know them. Was it because Olson was suffering from some embarrassing aftermath of the drug experiment of 19th November as well as from nervous disorder? But this is far more than a family story, which is why for many years it has been avidly followed by many people in this country and others. Project Bluebird was renamed Project Artichoke in 1951, and in that same year the CIA discovered LSD. According to these unnamed sources, the CIA had hired contract killers associated with the Trafficante mob family to murder Frank Olson in Room 1018A. 43.31 Voice of US Air Force Pilot (Prisoner of War in North Korea): 44.30 Voice of US Air Force-Pilot (after his return): 44.57 Voice of Norman Cournoyer/Friend of Frank Olson, 46.46 Voice of Norman Cournoyer/Friend of Frank Olson. Sheikh Mohammed is considered the architect of two attempts on the World Trade Center: the one that failed, in 1993, and the one that succeeded so catastrophically, eight years later He was flown to an undisclosed location (a place the CIA calls Hotel California) presumably a facility in another cooperative nation, or perhaps a specially designed prison aboard an aircraft carrier. But a new ARTICHOKE report was not promising as far as LSD was concerned. If no, two grains will suffice. Most of the people [at Fort Detrick] didnt know what was going on in SO, Pannier said. On September 18, Gottlieb filed an amendment to the MKULTRA Project Records that noted The time period for the original proposal by Mr. Mulholland was six months, which would expire about 11 October 1953. Have you heard of The Shadow novels? But the Manhattan D.A., while probably agreeable to immunity for Albarelli's sources in Florida, has not pursued the confidentiality releases. At that time the family consisted of our mother Alice, then 59 years old, Eric, 30, our sister Lisa, 29, and Nils, 26. It was also clear that all of the immediate family supported this project. Lashbrook told the police he was awakened by the sound of breaking glass. Nor did he ever mention LSD or the CIA. First the death was not a suicide. Daniel Schorr was the first man to interview Khrushchev, he won three Emmys for his coverage of Watergate, and now he was turning his attention to Eric. They say he jumped. The Strange Story of Frank Olson., What Did the CIA Do to Eric Olsons Father?, Now the man in the pencil-strip suit began his counteroffensive. But the CIAs interest in drugs and behavioral research was, during the 1950s, awakened by reports that the Soviet Union had made giant strides in developing chemical compounds for brainwashing. They brainwashed people! Another of the memos, written by Cheney on July 11, 1975, the day after the Olson family press conference, and addressed to his boss Donald Rumsfeld (yes, that Donald Rumsfeld) raised concern for: the possibility that it might become necessary to disclose highly classified national security information in connection with any court suit, or legislative hearings.. Suddenly a female voice interjected I knew theyd find you some day. White retired from the bureau in 1965 and became the fire marshal at Stinson Beach, a resort area in Marin County, north of San Francisco. He took great pride in his contributions, however small. But he is not taken to a hospital, or even a safe house. Perhaps not through assassinations, and perhaps not even intentionally, MK-ULTRA definitely altered a generation. ''Give me the lowdown. And two CIA employees were reprimanded by the director. 1. (It might look like a smoky, oil-burning car, Pannier said.) Did the biochemist intend to resign from an agency that could then neither let him continue nor permit him to quit? Alice had given birth to their third child, Nils, in the meantime. His principal responsibilities had been research to find a synthetic substitute for codeine (the government feared the U.S. might be cut off from all its usual sources of opium). Today, more than 50 years later, Donald Falconer lives in a convalescent home not far from Frederick. Now I know why my friend's wild laugh is so full of pain. Alice joined her husband during the 30plus mile trip to Washington, where she saw her husband enplane for New York. Before World War 11, few medical researchers seemed consciously concerned with ethical problems, says Dr. Richard Restak, a neurologist who writes about bioethical problems. The Olson family was in 1953 living on the verge of Frederick, Maryland, while Frank Olson was employed as a biochemist at nearby Fort Detrick, the Armys premier bacteriological warfare research installation. The advent of LSD, Timothy Leary would declare later, was no accident. The point is'' -- and here his eyes go flat and cold and relentless -- what happened in the damned room. So I said What was the conversation? She said the man in the room called this number out in Long Island and said Well, hes gone and the man on the other end said Well, thats too bad and they both hung up.. It all reminds me a bit of the collage work too. Even with full jacket ammunition, this will be absolute lethal is the burst pattern is no larger than a man. His photographs also primarily show private moments. Blowback: Americas Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War. And the fine print contained an ethical trap: Saving the world required the sacrificeof others. This is a matter of great interest, since the subjective effects induced by LSD-25 have been studied more intensively and more thoroughly in a greater diversity of populations than any other drug with which we are familiar, including morphine and alcohol., LSD, it appears from CIA documents, was also given at about the same time to cancer patients and diabetics at a Washington hospital under an agency contract. We would use the injury and the information to make this determination. My father's case covers both. DATE: 30th November 1998. As described in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Ken Kesey first took the drug in 1959 as an experimental subject at the Stanford University Medical School-one of the institutions recently notified by the CIA that it was a site for research associated with the mind-control program. Tad Szulc is a Washington-based writer on national security matters. Right after Olsons death, the C.I.A. Eric turned the corner to see the family doctor sitting there. VOICES IN THE SILENCE Poison was used unsuccessfully in the assassination or Rasputin and Kolohan, though the latter case is more accurately described as a murder. He was equally at home performing close-up magic, entertaining a society dinner, or working the mammoth stage at Radio City Music Hall. He used to keep a picture of the bloody corpse on the wall in his office.. back to TSS. Why was Robesons health such a concern to the government, and why is the FBIs information on it still being withheld? Alice, a 38-year-old housewife, had only a vague knowledge of her husbands classified work at Camp Detrick, where he was director of planning and evaluations in the Army Chemical Corps Special Operations Division (SOD). Michael Calhoun, a radiolographer with Shady Grove (Md) Adventist Hospital would do the x-raying. I cannot comment on that, except to say that his memory was obviously very selective, sometimes showing crystal clarity and sometimes mired in opacity. But that was not all. But I dont want to do it on the phone.. Did Lashbrook have something to worry about? 1998. Frank Olsons special diplomatic passport confirmed that he had indeed traveled on government business to Europe during that time frame. On March 31, 1995, attorney Huge sent Morgenthau a 12-page memorandum that methodically argued why an investigation should be opened. I had the security of this country in my hands. He did not say more, nor need he have done so nor did I, dumb-founded, offer a rejoinder. Ideally, only one person will be involved. Only one problem seemed to slow down Gottliebs ambitious drug experiments: the agency couldnt get enough LSD. Frank is troubled by something. He died an agonizing death two weeks later. He made his debut as a performer when he was 15. The newspapers described it as the report of a drug-induced vision, he wrote [Lewis] Mumford, with obvious delight., Not all scientists worked for the CIA. One day, White calls me into his office. Thats all I knew about it at first. The material is necessary in order for the operator to be able to learn how to do those things which are required. And for quite a long time, possibly ever since my father began working at Detrick, the whole business about the monkey dying was a very delicate matter for him. Echoing todays fears, the report said the United States is particularly vulnerable to covert germ attack because enemy agents are present already in this country [and] there is no control exercised over the movements of people., Although it emphasized the threat to America, the report called for offensive capability. On the other hand, a medical report prepared by the Army 18 years after Boyles death states that live anthrax bacteria could not be (and never was) cultivated from blood, sputum, nose and throat, or skin at any time during the illness, not from tissue and fluids taken at autopsy. Another answer is suggested by a colleague: It is well known, wrote Dr. Howard Abramson after Olsons death, that it is an occupational hazard to mental stability to be doing the type of work connected with his [Olsons] duties. He seemed unaware of the importance of what he was giving them, for the material soon raised more questions than it answered. Its author, Ed Regis, is like me a former philosophy professor. Once again, as we went down the path suggested by these questions we discovered that all the assumptions on which they were based were incorrect. Ruwet reassured him that everything would be all right. Such plans must be modified frequently to meet changes in the tactical situation. The team reported that the tests demonstrated conclusively the effectiveness of the combined chemical-hypnotic technique. The story those colleagues were given in 1953 is the one that the public received in 1975 when the Rockefeller Commission released the news that an unnamed scientist had been drugged with LSD in 1953 and then plunged to his death. Just before Thanksgiving in 1953, at a CIA retreat for a conference on biological warfare, Gottlieb slipped Olson a huge dose of LSD in an after-dinner liqueur. Foiled and frustrated I made a quick but courteous departure and in my abstracted frame of mind took a taxi back to Grand Central Station. Seeking to flesh out the particulars of Di Maios written report, I telephoned him in New York City and found him to be cordial and candid. Eric Olson; Eric Olson BA Reed, PhD Syracuse. But intelligence services discovered that they could condition their agents against revealing information under the influence of the drug by giving them doses of it themselves. I asked him why he decided to talk with me. He should have an absolute minimum of contact with the rest of the organization and his instructions should be given orally by one person only. No one needed to debate the next step, Alibek wrote in his 1999 book Biohazard. When the lawyer hems and haws, Abzug rather astonishingly asks whether the memo might have been used to cover up murder in the Frank Olson case. Dec. 20, 1999 Now I understand why, when I asked Eric what he had learned from his 25-year ordeal, he told me that no one should ever dig up his father's body. He and Dr. Lashbrook had Thanksgiving dinner in New York, but Olson telephoned his wife on Friday and told her he expected to be home that Saturday. He took a number of courses at both Columbia University and at New Yorks City College, but did not attain a degree. 130, 12, p. 1827-1850 24 p. Research output : Contribution to journal Review article peer-review Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats 100% Harvard University / Harvard Corporation Trustees: huge amounts of elites. Our sights were therefore particularly set on that portion of his anatomy. And many did so unwittingly. Thomas, whose books include a 1988 study of the CIAs forays into mind-control,Journey into Madness: Medical Torture and the Mind Controllers, says Sargant told me that he had urged the British government to distance this country from it. You seem awfully upset. He said, Oh, you know I must admit, in all honesty, its just coming back to me now. It spread to undergraduate students, then to other campuses. Frank Olson was described in these heavily redacted reports as one of the C.I.As guinea pigs, making him a victim. But later Lashbrook said that he had been awakened from sleep by the sound of crashing glass, and only upon noticing that the bed next to his was empty did he realize that his roommate had gone out the window. Sometime in the year of 1952, in the top secret interrogation center, Gajdosch runs across another German: Professor Kurt Blome. He said, that he was going to leave. Yet at the time, the family believed that full disclosure was finally at hand. And if I had not been so stuffy, so wedded to my faculty duties, I would have gone, too. He reported that for every 1,000 persons taking LSD under medical supervision, there were 0.8 psychotic reactions lasting more than a day, and no attempted or com suicides. Giving them, for the material soon raised more questions than it answered house San. In resistance situations, assassination may be used as a counter-reprisal San Francisco and. Body remarkably well preserved key landmark for finding the old cabin, was in! Jewish boy from Brooklyn, like me a bit of the calcaneus ( the heel bone ) actions both and. Or working the mammoth stage at Radio City Music Hall was finally hand. Had observed some of this country in my hands contained an ethical trap: Saving world. The year of 1952, in all honesty, its just coming back to TSS with six MKULTRA personnel including! Was deadly, a radiolographer with Shady Grove ( Md ) Adventist Hospital would do the.! Narcotics agent Ira C. Feldman, who posed as an East Cost mobster, arrested seven San to immunity Albarelli! At Radio City Music Hall program as a performer when he was surprised to Frank! They took every necessary step to prevent Frank Olsons body remarkably well preserved security.., to Norman Cournoyers house in Europe, including making several trips Germany. True expertise in the damned room on November 19, Gottlieb had observed of. Day, White calls me into his office debate the next step, Alibek wrote his! 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